Australian Banking Sector An Oligopolistic Market †Free Samples

Question: Talk About The Australian Banking Sector An Oligopolistic Market? Answer: Presentation: In financial matters, the term showcase connotes a position of collaboration for the two sorts of monetary operators, the purchasers and the merchants. At the end of the day, a market is where the interest and the gracefully powers, regarding their between elements, decide the cost and amount parts of a specific item or administration. Sort of market winning for an item, relies upon factors like number of purchasers and dealers, the passage leave conditions for financial specialists, advertise power elements and others[1]. In view of these impacting factors, markets can be serious (entirely serious being the theoretical extraordinary) of incompletely serious, similar to imposing business model, monopolistic rivalry and oligopoly (syndication being something contrary to consummate rivalry). The task attempts to break down the kind of market structure winning in the Australian financial industry. For research purposes it takes the article named, Flush and Dominant, Australias Banks Com e Under Pressure, composed by A. Odysseus Patrick, as reference[2] Storys Essence: The article finds that the Australian financial market, four significant players in the gracefully side completely rule however having numerous players, both in the flexibly side and the interest side. Truth be told, these four politically bolstered and massively compelling banks significantly shadow every single other bank. These four players are the Westpac Bank, the Commonwealth Bank, the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group and the Australias National Bank. Among them, two banks, the Westpac Corporation and the Commonwealth Bank, particularly its CommInsure wing, are deserving of uncommon notice with regards to the union of market influence in the possession of the players in the Australian banking industry[3]. The high centralization of the market power in the possession of these four major banks in the Australian financial market, demonstrates the nearness of an unmistakable oligopolistic structure in the concerned market. These players have been getting a charge out of enormous authority over the financial part and its estimating and different choices for quite a while and this, as per the article, has offered ascend to numerous negative and uncalled for issues, uniquely influencing those on the interest side[4]. The four banks will in general work obviously in a cartel build in the ongoing occasions and do act like a believable danger to the conveyance of market power as they can possibly hold hands together and fill in as a tricky monopolistic unit in the market. The article advances the negative side of this oligopolistic develop in the financial business of the nation. Because of the nearness of tremendous market power and considerable political help, the vast majority of these enormous players have been found to abuse their capacity to satisfy their personal stake of individual benefit augmentation regardless of whether that comes at the expenses of sufferings of their clientele[5]. The article advances for instance of this abusing of intensity, the cases of CommInsure, where the unit maintained a strategic distance from cases of protections by erasing clinical confirmations, unreasonably affecting the specialists and other false exercises. Different banks like the Westpac, has additiona lly confirmations of controlling their loan fees and claims configuration as indicated by circumstances, to profit fiscally, placing their clients in money related emergency. The banks have likewise carried on strikingly impolitely and unjustifiably with in critical condition individuals to escape without paying their clinical cases as were recently guaranteed by the banks[6]. All these have offered ascend to gigantic disappointment among the interest side specialists and has become an essential worry of the legislature of the nation as clients are losing certainty over the financial area of Australia. The administration has attempted a few severe watchfulness changes, guidelines and rebuffing steps, while a lot more changes are required to bring back the government assistance remainder and certainty of the clients on this concerned industry[7]. Financial Analysis of the Situation: The oligopoly market can be recognized with the assistance of its intrinsic quality of numerous purchasers and a couple of dealers, the merchants encountering vital reliance on one another. This suggests the techniques and results of one vender in this market exceptionally rely upon the choices of his kindred merchants. The market can have two results: contingent on the circumstance there can be a value war or there can be arrangement of a tricky understanding among the taking an interest sellers[8]. Figure 1 : Oligopoly Market (Source: As made by Author) Because of the nearness of the crimped request bend in the oligopolistic, which is thusly a consequence of non-indistinguishable and shifting value versatility, there emerges a hole between the cost degrees of creation and the cost charged by the firm for their items. The organizations, being just a couple, appreciate this invaluable situation over the purchasers, who, being numerous in number, makes considerable interest for the item, consequently helping the firm to charge a more significant expense for their item than that would have been charged in the serious circumstance. The result turns out to be considerably progressively positive for the dealers on the off chance that they go to a cartel understanding, in this way precluding value wars among them. Together they appreciate higher benefits and higher market power gave they don't cheat, which is intrinsic quality of an oligopolistic cartel. The current circumstance of the Australian financial market can be indentified with this construct[9]. Be that as it may, if the organizations hold hands to turn into a monopolistic cooperating, their expense and cost hole can increment considerably more as is appeared in the chart beneath: Figure 2: Long altercation the Monopoly Market (Source: As made by the creator) In the restraining infrastructure showcase, because of the nearness of the disturbed cost-value hole, over the long haul additionally the firm appreciates monetary benefit. This can be a possible danger for the purchasers in the financial market of Australia if the four major player hold hands for a monopolistic develop. Proposals: To preclude the issues looked by the shoppers in the Australian financial industry and to forestall some other future dangers of combination and abuse of market capacity to considerable degree by any of the taking part operators, a stricter and administrative condition must be set up by the administering specialists of the nation. This should fuse impartial cautiousness and activities in the event of defaulting by any of the players. New players ought to likewise be energized and furnished with adequate protections in face of the opposition they will look from the enormous ones[10]. End: In nearness of market defects and uneven data structure, the gathering with absence of data will undoubtedly endure. This makes free economic situation increasingly attractive. In any case, without free markets, legitimate change, guidelines, limitations and impartial administration of a market can help in appropriate circulation of market force and government assistance of the partaking operators, along these lines making the market increasingly fair. The Australian financial industry can likewise join the previously mentioned changes to improve the circumstance for the purchaser gathering. References Allen, David E., and Robert Powell. The fluctuating default danger of Australian banks.Australian Journal of Management37.2 (2012): 297-325. Feng, Yuan, Baochun Li, and Bo Li. Value rivalry in an oligopoly showcase with various iaas cloud providers.IEEE Transactions on Computers63.1 (2014): 59-73. Kavurmacioglu, Emir.Oligopolies in private range lodge: examination and administrative ramifications. Diss. Boston University, 2016. Maine, Bob. The constant quest for bank profits.Green Left Weekly1120 (2016): 2. Marshall, Robert C., and Leslie M. Marx.The financial matters of plot: Cartels and offering rings. Mit Press, 2012. Nytimes.com A, 'Flush And Dominant, AustraliaS Banks Come Under Pressure' (Nytimes.com, 2017) https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/business/dealbook/australia-banks-under-pressure.html?mcubz=1 got to 29 August 2017 Rios, Manuel C., Campbell R. McConnell, and Stanley L. Brue.Economics: Principles, issues, and arrangements. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Tyers, Rod. Administration Oligopolies and Australia's Economy?Wide Performance.Australian Economic Review48.4 (2015): 333-356 [1] Rios, Manuel C., Campbell R. McConnell, and Stanley L. Brue.Economics: Principles, issues, and strategies. McGraw-Hill, 2013. [2] A. Nytimes.com, 'Flush And Dominant, AustraliaS Banks Come Under Pressure' (Nytimes.com, 2017) https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/business/dealbook/australia-banks-under-pressure.html?mcubz=1 got to 29 August 2017. [3] Maine, Bob. The steady quest for bank profits.Green Left Weekly1120 (2016): 2. [4] Allen, David E., and Robert Powell. The fluctuating default danger of Australian banks.Australian Journal of Management37.2 (2012): 297-325. [5] Maine, Bob. The steady quest for bank profits.Green Left Weekly1120 (2016): 2. [6] Tyers, Rod. Administration Oligopolies and Australia's Economy?Wide Performance.Australian Economic Review48.4 (2015): 333-356. [7] Kavurmacioglu, Emir.Oligopolies in private range center: examination and administrative ramifications. Diss. Boston University, 2016. [8] Rios, Manuel C., Campbell R. McConnell, and Stanley L. Brue.Economics: Principles, issues, and strategies. McGraw-Hill, 2013. [9] Marshall, Robert C., and Leslie M. Marx.The financial aspects of agreement: Cartels and offering rings. Mit Press, 2012. [10] Feng, Yuan, Baochun Li, and Bo Li. Value rivalry in an oligopoly showcase with various iaas cloud providers.IEEE Transactions on Computers63.1 (2014): 59-73.

Film History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intolerance of Uncertainty Therapy for GAD

Intolerance of Uncertainty Therapy for GAD GAD Treatment Print Intolerance of Uncertainty Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 19, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 08, 2020 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about a range of everyday problems.?? Unlike other anxiety disorders that involve specific types of fears, such as the fear of negative evaluation in social anxiety disorder, and the fear of escalating physical symptoms in panic disorder, the fear in GAD is more difficult to pinpoint. Intolerance of Uncertainty in GAD To address this gap in understanding fears in generalized anxiety disorder, researchers in Quebec, Canada developed a model in the early 1990s. Developed by Michel Dugas and Robert Ladouceur, this model consists of four components. Components of Intolerance of Uncertainty The most important component is known as intolerance of uncertainty, and is thought of as a higher-order process that leads directly to worry through three other processes:Positive beliefs about worry. Positive beliefs about worry refers to holding the belief that worry is helpful in some way. In this context, worrying is a way for you to gain certainty.Negative problem orientation. Negative problem orientation refers to when you feel helpless to solve problems, view problems as threatening, or as barriers or obstacles, and doubt your ability to solve problems.Cognitive avoidance: Cognitive avoidance refers to the behavior of only dealing with problems when absolutely necessary. People with GAD are thought to have higher intolerance of uncertainty than those with other anxiety disorders.?? They have a belief system in which uncertainty is viewed as stressful, unfair, upsetting, and to be avoided. In this model, when you worry, you are trying to reduce feelings of uncertainty. If you worry that you might be late for an appointment, you will leave much earlier than necessary to be absolutely certain you get there on time. Since it is the uncertainty of events, and not some aspect of them in particular that triggers your worry, what you worry about through the day will change. In the morning, you might be worried about making it to a dentist appointment on time, while by evening you could be fretting about making a decision over which cell phone plan to choose. In this way, worry is a tactic you use to try and mentally plan and prepare for any possible outcome, especially bad ones. However, the worry in generalized anxiety disorder can be so severe that it becomes a problem itself. Are You Intolerant of Uncertainty? The following thoughts and behaviors reflect intolerance of uncertainty.?? Ask yourself if any of these apply to you: You look for information and solutions to every possible problem you may face.You worry about things even if the odds of them happening is very low (e.g., being in a plane crash, being diagnosed with cancer).You require perfect solutions that must have a 100 percent chance of working.You seek reassurance from others that everything will be okay, and get second and third opinions on medical matters.You make lists, double-check, refuse to delegate tasks, or over-prepare to manage uncertainty.You think that uncertainty means something bad will happen.You feel it is irresponsible or dangerous for there to be uncertainty in your life.You avoid new situations out of fear of uncertainty.You  procrastinate, keep predictable routines, or ask others to make decisions for you.You feel that you cant tolerate not knowing the outcome of a situation.You feel that you would rather know for sure that the outcome of a situation will be bad, than be left not knowing the outcome. Intolerance of Uncertainty Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Those same researchers in Canada realized that changes in intolerance of anxiety come before changes in worry in treatment for GAD. This led them to suggest treatment that targets intolerance of uncertainty for people with GAD.?? The goal of this type of treatment is to help people become more tolerant of uncertainty. This type of therapy can take different forms and involve different components: 1. Identifying situations and strategies Here you are taught how to identify problems that you can solve versus those that are outside of your control, and strategies that can be used for each type of problem.   2. Behavioral experiments Behavioral experiments involve testing out feared predictions. Here, you would be asked to write down the following three aspects of a situation: Your feared outcomeThe actual outcomeHow you coped with the outcome For example, you might choose to do a behavioral experiment about choosing a restaurant for dinner. Your feared outcome might be that you wont like the food. You would then record the actual outcome (either you did or did not like it) and your coping response. If you liked the food, there would be no coping response recorded. If, however, you did not like the food, you might write down something like I had something else to eat when I got home or I was quite upset with myself for having chosen the wrong restaurant. Over time, the goal of the behavioral experiments is to move from small events to larger ones, across multiple settings (work, home, social settings) and to observe that in most uncertain situations, the outcome is tolerable, and when it is not, that it can be managed. How you cope with a fear of uncertainty might prevent you from seeing that there really was no purpose to your worry in the first place. If you always leave for appointments an hour early, you will never learn how much time you  really need to get there on time. Help Yourself Overcome Intolerance of Uncertainty What if you think to yourself, Well thats fine, but I really cant deal with the uncertainty of not liking the food at a new restaurant. Id rather just stick to what I know? Ask yourself this: Are there any advantages to accepting some uncertainty? Some you might identify include: Feeling less anxious and worriedHaving new experiences and taking on new challengesHaving time to focus on solving real problems instead of worrying about ones that may never happen If these reasons are important to you, you can move toward accepting uncertainty by practicing behavioral experiments on your own (as outlined above), distancing yourself from your anxious thoughts, and practicing staying in the moment. Distancing Yourself From Your Thoughts To distance yourself from your thoughts, realize that  your thoughts are just thoughts, and that you dont have to react. You might think Well, this could be the day the plane crashes. Then, think, thats an interesting thought, and let it float away. Dont react to it, just realize it is only a thought. Keep letting it float by until your anxiety subsides. Whether or not the plane crashes, your worrying about it doesnt affect the outcome, beyond taking normal safety precautions. Staying in the Moment In order to manage your anxiety about uncertainty, you can engage in various mindfulness practices such as mindful breathing to help you stay in the moment and mindfulness meditation to learn how to quiet your mind.?? A Word From Verywell The key to managing your fear is to learn to live with uncertainty rather than to avoid it. Learning to tolerate and deal with uncertainty is key to decreasing your worry and anxiety. If, however, you find that you are unable to manage your anxiety on your own, traditional treatment such as medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) may be helpful. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Differences And Similarities Between Hip-Hop And R B

As we know Hip-Hop and RB contain many similarities they also share many differences. There are beauty and greatness in all music Hip-Hop, and RB when I listen to two these genres I tend to notice the differences and the same that they have. The two has the same and difference lyric, tone and melodies The birth of RB was created by African American in the early 1960’s from Soul music, Jazz, Gospel, Pop music and Blues as time went on RB was born. In its earlier days, RB Music was all about racial issues, and artists gave a lot of importance to the style and arrangement, which included different instruments and rhythms to produce different types of sounds. The result was live music that had catchy lyrics and was widely used in dance†¦show more content†¦In 1988 N.W.A put out the song called F*CK the Police that put out a worldwide misconception that made them the dangerous group in Hip-hop history. As a female growing up listening to hip-hop music from hearing Ol Dirty Bastard to Jay Z I can say for me hip-hop is a part of my life, so if that means that must do what they should do and that is to promote their fancy car, big booty slim thick girlfriends is a part of the Hip-Hop life then let it be then trying to bash hip-hop music. The hip-hop artist grows over time from (The Notorious B.I.G, 2 Pac, N.W.A, Wu-Tang, and Lil Kim) clan paved the way for Hip-hop artist today like Kendrick, Nicki Minaj, A boogie, Dave East. RB and hip-hop share a great deal in common, many hip-hop songs use samples from RB recordings as their foundation. RB and Hip-hop share root in African-American religious musical and community. So, people might not put hip-hop and RB songs in the same sentence, but those people are wrong. Usher Raymond IV is an American singer, songwriter that can-do RB on one album then on another album he can have people that are the Hip-Hop artist on the track and make it to a hip-hop album, you just must have the talent to know how to do both. The quality of the music depends on the type of artist. With hip-hop artists, they tend to speak on things that have impacted them in theirShow MoreRelatedPitbull Vs Malum Who Are Maluma And Pitbull, And How Did They Get Into The Music Industry1294 Words   |  6 Pagesartists that share the same genre of music, but also have their differences in other genres of music they play,but have other difference in how they got into the industry. There music is kn own for the Reggaeton, hip hop and pop. Their musical classification is different to each other. Even though they do share the same genre, they have different inspirations and connotations. Although they bear some minor similarities, the diversity between Maluma and Pitbull are evident , such as their origin, musicRead MoreEssay on Comparing Jazz and Hip-hop1457 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Jazz and Hip-hop Throughout the history of this country, the music of African-Americans has remained a strong influence upon our society and culture. Beginning with the music carried over from Africa with the slaves, up until now, with the new styles created by urban youth today, African-Americans have retained certain elements within their music which makes it unique from any other musical form. Some of the musical forms which were created from, and/or were strongly influenced byRead MoreTo What Extent Has Globalisation Influenced One or More Aspects of the Culture in Your Country? Illustrate Your Answer with Examples1945 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world in different ways. The evidence of these affects includes the expansion of Hollywood film, fast food and hip-hop music in many countries. The influence of globalisation on music is significant in China, especially for youth music. For instance, English words are used commonly in Chinese pop songs and Chinese rock and roll bands are developing; the mu sic styles of hip-hop and RB have been adopted into Chinese pop songs and have achieved success. In the first part of this essay, I will defineRead MoreThe Song Walk This Way `` By The Rock Band Aerosmith And A Cover2581 Words   |  11 Pagesothers, while at the same time early Hip Hop were starting up with artists such as Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash. The genre stayed an underground phenomenon throughout the 1970s and fairly unpopular with the white audience of Rock and Roll, which held back its appearance in mainstream music until the mid 1980s. In this paper, I compare the differences in the arrangements of the song â€Å"Walk This Way† by the rock band Aerosmith and a cover done by the Hip Hop group Run-D.M.C, and explore the musicRead MoreEssay On Issues Involved In Planning A Tour1975 Words   |  8 PagesCurrency – Exchange Rate Current Exchange Rate as of Tuesday 3rd October 2017 1AUD – 0.79AUD Current Exchange Rate as of Tuesday 3rd October 2017 1AUD – CAD A low exchange rate from Australian to U.S dollar is an issue because there is a 22% difference between the currencies. It means that we must consider the prices of air fares, accommodations and travel in the country, in order to meet the budget for the tour. 2. 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It has been 398 years since slavery and the language has gotten stronger and stronger over time, but it s been a bump within the African-American Eras during these times. These two Eras that have caught my attention were the 90’s and the 2000’s, within the African American language in Hip Hop RB music. This topic goes beyond the artistRead MoreHistorical Precedents For The Rise Of Rock N Roll1539 Words   |  7 Pageslyrics are reinterpreted and the struggle for success and life or the â€Å"heady times† this single represented are no longer interpreted as a collective or group struggle, only a struggle of an individual with a chorus in her head. This is due to the difference of artist and choice to present the song. Sia chose to do the song as an individual rather than to do a duet or cover with multiple people to remain true to the numbers The Mamas and Papas had. 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The Great Depression And The World War II - 849 Words

Recently I heard a story about a mother and child walking through a retail store when the child says to her mother â€Å"I want those shoes!† The mother asks â€Å"Why do you want those shoes?† to which her daughter responds â€Å"Because everyone else is wearing them.† The Mother asks, â€Å"Wouldn’t you want to get something different and be more original?† and the child says â€Å"No, then I wouldn’t be original like everyone else!† Between the 1920’s and the era of World War II America saw some of its most dramatic cultural shifts since the country’s beginnings. This story of a mother and child expresses the changes that took place in the early half of the 1900’s which made a lasting effect in creating the consumer society we know today. This consumer-centered society that we know was developed by multiple shifts in the American economy and lifestyle. In this essay I will discuss how each the â€Å"Roaring Twenties,† the â€Å"Great Depression† and the World War II Era each contributed in the way of accelerating or stalling the process of creating an American consumer society. Firstly, we must look at the cultural earthquake that was the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† and the beginning of the most consumer habits we see today. The Twenties was the beginning of the idea of the â€Å"American Dream.† The Victorian era of manners and composure was coming to an end to a new era filled with all sorts of artistic creativity and social activity to match its booming economy. Under all this excitement, consumerism began itsShow MoreRelatedWorld War II And The Great Depression1658 Words   |  7 Pages The highly numbered risks of war have rigorous effects on societies around the world. World War II had positive and negative effects during and after the war. 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What is true that most economists think now is that the stock market crash alone could not be fully to blame. There were many factors into creating the nationwide depression. The first being that the â€Å"Roaring 20’s† was the first time North Carolinians and their American counterparts could buy a lot more of the new consumer items, likeRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1848 Words   |  8 Pagesfamily is one of the most popular and familiar names in history. The Roosevelts brought America through numerous crises. In particular, Franklin Delano Roosevelt led America through two of the greatest crises in American history: the Great Depression and World War II. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, also known as FDR, is one of the most influential political leaders in the history of the United States of America. He began his political career as a New York Senator in 1910 and made his rise on the political

The War Against Ielts Essay Samples 2018

The War Against Ielts Essay Samples 2018 The simplest approach to fix the kind of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. At times, the best method to learn and understand new information is by way of seeing and understanding work which is already completed. Even though within this situation free knowledge is beneficial, it's not true in all instances. Suggest a few ways to plan for the future under these conditions. Ielts Essay Samples 2018 Secrets Besides offering somewhere to save all of your valuable eBooks, the eBook reader software even give you a significant number of features in order to boost your eBook reading experience in connection with the normal paper books. It's going be useful to have an excellent eBook reader to be in a position to truly have a fantastic reading experience and premium quality eBook display. By using all these effective approaches, you can absolutely enhance your eBook reading experience to an awesome extent. You shouldn't use t he eBook continually for many hours without breaks. High school is a vital time in the life span of young folks. Successful sports professionals can make a good deal more income than people in other crucial professions. Many students who deserve to get sent to the university belong to poor families who are fighting to support their day-to-day living. From a personal perspective, computers can help young folks to learn more concerning the world. A growing number of individuals are deciding to dwell in high rise apartment blocks. Most people feel that stricter punishment needs to be given for traffic offences. Some people believe that strict punishments for driving offences are the secret to reducing traffic accidents. Choosing Good Ielts Essay Samples 2018 Utilizing a computer daily can have more negative than positive impacts on children. Having access to previously completed work that you may have confidence in will show you exactly what you're missing. Spending plenty of time looking for ielts info. Explore the benefits and disadvantages of computer games and provide your own opinion. Academic essay writing is a style that everyone can learn how to produce, as soon as they know the fundamentals of writing an essay. Even if you believe you're a bad writer today, you can learn to take your simple essay and transform i t into something far more effective. An academic essay should supply a sound, debatable thesis that's then supported by relevant evidencewhether that be from different sources or from a person's own research. A well-structured essay has a great introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect together, and a great conclusion. If do not have any idea what an ielts essay appears like or will need to boost your writing skills you're in the appropriate place. Within this introductory lesson you will locate some guidance regarding how you should write an IELTS essay. The essay is all about the advantages and drawbacks of IT, so these will have to be discussed in individual paragraphs. Our sample essay has an easy but decent introduction in which it demonstrates that the examinee has knowledge of this issue and clearly states the writer's position to prepare the remainder of the essay. It is crucial to learn about IELTS essays since there are different essay types, and these will call for various ways to answer them. Inside this section you will locate samples of essays belonging to several essay types and manners of formatting. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is a huge means that will help you to get ready for the test. These topics aren't predictions. The Downside Risk of Ielts Essay Samples 2018 There are several smart scientists who don't have the funds to acquire important info to finish their research. A terrific eBook reader ought to be set up. BODY 1 Scientific breakthroughs can be achieved faster and more when people don't have to have financial backing to obtain the essential understanding. Ielts Essay Samples 2018 at a Glance Furthermore, the government ought to be accountable for the education of its residents. The money given to aid poor countries does not address the issue of poverty, so rich countries should provide other variet ies of help instead. The very first issue is the decrease quality of life as a result of increasingly heavier burden on the current urban infrastructure. Life After Ielts Essay Samples 2018 On the flip side, there are specific positions where experience is an asset. Many nations spend lots of money on art. Around the world, children often utilize computers from an incredibly young age. For instance, people are able to use exactly the same glass mug for their morning coffee in lieu of a plastic or paper cup they throw away each moment.

Income Statement and Cash Flows free essay sample

The following information was taken from the 2006 financial statements of pharmaceutical giant Merck and Co. All dollar amounts are in millions. Retained earnings, January 1, 2006 $37,980. 0 Materials and production expense 6,001. 1 Marketing and administrative expense 8,165. 4 Dividends 3,318. 7 Sales revenue 22,636. 0 Research and development expense 4,782. 9 Tax expense 1,787. 6 Other revenue 2,677. 1 Hint: Prepare income statement and retained earnings statement. (SO 4) Instructions (a) After analyzing the data, prepare an income statement and a retained earnings statement for the year ending December 31, 2006. (b) Suppose that Merck decided to reduce its research and development expense by 50%. What would be the short-term implications? What would be the long-term implications? How do you think the stock market would react? E1-12 This information is for Damon Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2010. Cash received from lenders $20,000 Cash received from customers 60,000 Cash paid for new equipment 35,000 Cash dividends paid 8,000 Cash paid to suppliers 18,000 Cash balance 1/1/10 12,000 Hint: Prepare a statement of cash flows. (SO 5) Instructions †¢ Prepare the 2010 statement of cash flows for Damon Corporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Income Statement and Cash Flows or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Suppose you are one of Damons creditors. Referring to the statement of cash flows, evaluate Damons ability to repay its creditors. E1-13 The following data are derived from the 2006 financial statements of Southwest Airlines. All dollars are in millions. Southwest has a December 31 year-end. Cash balance, January 1, 2006 $2,280 Cash paid for repayment of debt 607 Cash received from issuance of common stock 260 Cash received from issuance of long-term debt 300 Cash received from customers 9,081 Cash paid for property and equipment 1,399 Cash paid for dividends 14 Cash paid for repurchase of common stock 800 Cash paid for goods and services 7,583 Hint: Prepare a statement of cash flows. (SO 5) Instructions (a) After analyzing the data, prepare a statement of cash flows for Southwest Airlines for the year ended December 31, 2006. (b) Discuss whether the companys cash from operations was sufficient to finance itsinvesting activities. If it was not, how did the company finance its investing activities?

Tommy Pearson Essays - Tommy Douglas, Typesetters,

Tommy Pearson Pearson. Churchill. MacDonald. Trudeau. This list is composed of some of the greatest and most respected men to shape the history of Canada and who meld the country we live in into its current state. One notable but equally influential Canadian politician missing from this list is Tommy Douglas. Tommy Douglas's government lasted from 1944 to 1960. During these sixteen years, he accomplished many great achievements, and brought in many important political changes to improve the health and living conditions of people all over the country. What exactly did Tommy Douglas accomplish that made him so great? Tommy Douglas was born in Falkirk, Scotland, on October 12, 1904. In 1910, his family immigrated to Winnipeg, Canada. When the first World War struck, the Douglas family moved back temporarily to Glascow. There, he worked at a whiskey factory until the War ended. He then moved back to Winnipeg, where he worked as an apprentice printer at the Winnipeg Free Press and Grain Trade News. There, he learned first hand the needs and views of the common citizen. By 19, he had successfully earned his Journeymans as a printer. By then, however, he had earned a good reputation as a Baptist Preacher. There he met JS Woodsworth, a Methodist Preacher and political party CCF leader. He finished his schooling at McMaster University, earning an MA. In 1934, Tommy Douglas began his political career. He ran unsuccessfully for provincial candidate of the Farmer-Labour party of Saskatchewan. The next year, he won as the CCF candidate for the federal constituency of Weyburn. By 1941, he was selected as the provincial leader of the Saskatchewan Provincial party in George Williams absence, who hd gone overseas to follow the war. He later resigned his federal position to lead the Saskatchewan CCF, and won the election with 47 seats of 53. During his five terms as premier, Douglas introduced many reforms, mostly geared towards public hospitals and medical care. These reforms moved Saskatchewan to a more forward and prosperous state. In his first year alone, he introduced 72 bills that were aimed at social or economic changes. After only two years, he had reduced provincial deficit by $20 million. Some of Tommy Douglas's greatest accomplishments were pensioner benefits and universal hospitilization. In 1944, he introduced pensioners to free medical, dental, and hospital services, as well as free treatment of cancer, mental illness, tuberculosis, and venereal diseases. During his campaining for the Humanity First, 70% of the CCF budget went into health, welfare, and education. In 1947, universal hospitilation was introduced. For five dollars per annum per person, the cost of medical treatment for the sick was spread to the entire population. As the province's finances became more stable, within 12 year he announced the medicare plan. The medicare plan was an upgrade of the previous universal hospilitation program. Tommy Douglas also brought in many other non-health related changes. For example, his Crown Corporation Act allowed provincial air and bus lines. The Timber borad allowed the preservation of precious lumber resources. Also, SaskTel, or Saskatchewan Telephone, gave che ap, high quality telephone access to mos tof the people in the country. Douglas' CCF then introduced the Trade Union Act, requiring collective bargaining to be mandatory and extending the rights of civil servants. Worker's compensation, mandatory minimum wages, and paid holidays were set. In a mere four years, union membership rose 118 percent. To show the commiutment Douglas' government had to it's constituents, each CCF cabinet member took a 28% pay cut to pay for any new departments created. However, perhaps Douglas' greatest crown corporation accomplishment was Saskatchewan Power Corporation. Before the power grid had been hooked up, about 300 rural buildings had electricity. After, over 65,000 farmhouses had been connected. For all Tommy Douglas has done, he will always be remembered as one to help the little guy. His unrelenting support for anyone who was disabled or out of favor was a extreme tribute to the character this man contained, and his generosity has touched people around the province. Thousands of people benefited from his great leadership and thoughtful government. Tommy Douglas has been and still is a role model for many young Canadian people. Bibliography 1992 Software Toolworks Encyclopedia Biographies

So You Just Got Fired. Now What

So You Just Got Fired. Now What Even if it wasn’t your fault, getting fired can be a traumatic experience. Here are 8 steps you can take to ensure you bounce back. 1. Take a momentSulk. Set yourself a time limit- a week or less- and throw yourself a pity party. Wear sweatpants and have ice cream for breakfast and grieve for the job you lost. Feel all the feels and then cut yourself off and get back on that horse.2. Stop Facebook stalkingNo good can come of you and social media right now. You’ll only compare your current situation to everyone else’s apparently devastating success- the constant feed full of fancy promotions and careers, even marriages and babies. Remember that your current situation does not define the scope of your life or career and take a breather from all the bragging of your network.3. Open the windowThe door is closed. That sucks. But now you get to find the window. There will always be a window. Reframe how you’re looking at this loss, and turn it into a gain. What do you now have the freedom to pursue? Figure that out and go get it.4. Soul searchYou’ve turned the positivity corner. Now you’re strong enough to examine what you may have done wrong- or failed to do really well- so you can prevent that from happening again. This could be a valuable learning experience for you. Even if you learn that you just picked a rotten company at a rotten time. Figure out how you can make yourself a better worker having learned where your performance was perhaps not perfect.5. Take it on the chinAsk former coworkers you trust how they view the situation. Ask them to give you straight-up, honest feedback, then listen to what they have to say. Don’t argue. Just take in their view and examine it in the comfort of your own home. Ask yourself what you can take away from what they said in order to do better next time.6. Make a planNow that you’ve learned more about your weaknesses (and are starting to feel that sneaky despair again), it ’s time to get back into the positive and proactive realm. Make a plan for improving each thing on your newfound list of faults, whether major or minor. Turn all of this difficult feedback into a new set of goals you can work at, reach, and celebrate.7. Get physicalNever underestimate the endorphin rush of exercise. Or the confidence you’ll gain from realizing your bod is getting hotter by the day. Your self-esteem will thank you.8. Be gratefulWrite a thank you note. Or ten. To your former boss, your colleagues. Most importantly, to your former supervisor for the opportunity and the things you learned from them. You’ll never know when you might cross paths again.

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management - Assignment Example Processes responsible for managing a project, establishing reliability and regulation that can as well allow for accountability in project scope. Retrieval and dissemination of information is an important factor in management and hence management results records and deliberations, coming up with schedules are bent on time management. Concise follow up of these knowledge areas will benefit the project ensuring a success at the end especially in monitoring and evaluation. Project Work Breakdown Structure Part 2: Scope of the project The developers of this project need to put into consideration the various processes involved in the achievement of appropriate technological method to detect tsunamis in the future in Japan. Input such as obtaining capital and authentication to set up the project; carrying out information storage on the project resource expenses and use. Tools like expert critical analysis plus coming up with new ideas and improving them with the concerned team. Verdict of the experienced and knowledgeable personnel are considered. The team manager and its team must deliberate on the possible outcome; the ending of the project should culminate into the development of a deliverable that will meet the required detector. There must be a consideration of time limitations and possible solutions. Factors influencing the project These factors include the availability of human resource; that is, well trained personnel with competent skills in the technical skills and knowhow. Capital plus charter that will authenticate its implementation considering good will from the Japan government. Finally, knowledge areas such as project time management, information services, quality and/or risk and procurement management. Reasons for probable failure Lack of necessary skills, technical attributes and knowledge by the team manager and his/her team. There is a possibility that if the project manager and assigned team do not have vital competencies, skills and concerned ap praisals, then the technological approach targeted for this project may not prosper. The team needs to acquire necessary skills, appraisals and motivations plus right interpersonal skills and important team networking skills. Failure to define the probable risks such as undetected malfunctioning of the technology developed, unforeseen tsunami trends that could be undetectable. Insufficient information retrieval and dissemination may lead to misinformation and a division between project managers and the team. Communication is a vital component any process especially projects. Part 3 Lists of paths shown: B: 6, E: 3, G: 2 and H: 3 is the critical path. These paths may include: earliest path for project completion, Latest path for project completion, slack path for activities that lie in the critical path and subjective time estimate paths. Importance of critical paths According to Roberta R and Bernard WT (2006), critical path has various benefits to the project team. Critical path is a path that interlinks the vital activities of a project. It helps the management to focus on the tasks that fall along it and are critical towards the completion of a project; while helping management to identify which paths to shorten, it enable crash program in which project completion period may be reduced and hence lead to earlier finishing. In the network shown, critical path is B: 6,

Inter-Global Medicare Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inter-Global Medicare Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Any business venture demands critical economic analysis for its survival amidst the other numerous entrepreneurs in the same firm. In that respect, Inter-Global Medicare main goal is to provide the best prescription medication to our clients’ at the most affordable prices in the market. The sale of the drug would be at reduced prices through careful maintenance of efficiency in the operations of the firm and by aiming specific market segments especially those who pay for the prescribed medicine themselves. By focusing on this segment the firm will avoid inefficiencies and operational disruptions that are characterized by unsteady cash-flows and hence eliminate supply shortages. Inter-global Medicare plans to operate from one store that is to serve both mail order customers and those who visit the facility in person. The firm seeks to thrive through employment of friendlier and skilled staff, which in combination with our great prices is set to propel the repeat business that w ill be reliable. The firm expects that as the price of medication continues to rise, Inter-Global Medicare will be appealing more and more the clientele sense of value, affordability and convenience. The firm's advertising, mainly through the ads in magazines targeted by a relatively greater crowd, will be aiming at those who seek to save money on high price but necessary and regular expenses. Inter-global Medicare entrepreneurs will be led by Experienced PHD holder in the field of medicine and with an accumulated wealth of experience in relevant field not less than five years. The cost of the entire venture will be minimized by maintaining just a few pharmacists and filling the remaining gaps with pharmaceutical technicians. In so doing, the firm expects to reach profitability by third year and will generate substantial sales by mid of the same year. 1.1. Background Information The central issue of focus in this proposal is to establish the best remedial medication against the mena ce of obesity. This problem has been gaining momentum of the past centuries and is headed to ruin the better part of the coming generation. The increased nutritional imbalances and inadequate physical exercise has been blamed on this health matter. Nevertheless there are other unidentified factors attached to it that has not been given critical analysis so as to come up with an all round measure. It has also been noted that some of the medical measures that had been developed to curb this condition have failed woefully in different ways. Some of them like the fenfluramine and phentermine were found to have overwhelming side effects and this rendered them ineffective to combat the threat of obesity in the society (King & Nuala 67-72). Some other medical discoveries like Thyroid extract was tried but its effects on the bones, muscles and the heart were prohibitively dangerous leading to a consequential medical gap. It is out of this need by the society that Inter-Global Medicare entre preneurs has invested resources to come up with an obesity treatment that would see the menace reduce by more than half by the year 2030. 1.2.0. Population Affected Obesity is taking toll among the young generation and partially among women. This group of people is highly exposed to this condition due to their uncontrolled feeding habits, minimal or no exercise. The global statistics presents a high population of the young

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core General Overview Urban decay, usually associated with deprived areas, tends tend to be a characteristic of poorer communes, reflecting their low earning power and susceptibility to the higher unemployment rates associated with changes in the structure of the national economy (Skifter Andersen, 2003). The a feeling that buildings are physically falling into a state of decay particularly in some areas more than others, often results in an excrescence of dilapidated and vacant buildings. By remaining vacant, buildings are generally targeted for commercial signage and vandalism unless subjected to a population change or economic restructuring (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003). The redevelopment of decaying, run-down or underused parts of urban areas with the intention of bringing new life and economic vitality is crucial in maintaining a market position (Bolton Council, 2009). Redeveloping these structural units, however, may not be an easy task, as a set physical as well as casual mechanisms likely to be different in every area, are also accentuating the problem of urban decay. According to Skifter Andersen (2003), one of the major causes of urban decay is the decline of the local economy. The changes in the structure of the national and international economy can directly or indirectly influence the local economy as outlined in Haggetts Cumulative Decline Model (2001). Certain government intervention and planning policies with regard to the industry and alterations in the locational preferences of the industries to better equipped sites are also assumed to be among the primary causes of decline by increasing the gap between the core and periphery. Similarly, the population age structure in most Western countries is changing with an increasing number of elderly dominating the demographic chart (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). This disinclinati on of the population is likely to remain in the highly urbanised areas resulting in a number of blight properties that are likely to fall into a state of disrepair if structural investment keeps lacking. Perhaps, following Myrdals Cumulative Causation theory (1972) might help inject vigour into the local economy from the institutional set-up (Fujita, 2004). Nonetheless, this process of urban renewal, through which environmental quality redevelopments occur in derelict urban areas, is highly contested. This chapter reviews selected literature that concerns the effects of regeneration in the urban core of a settlement with regard to the value enhancement and positive externality of building refurbishment while considering the social and economic implications. Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration most likely to take the form of public policy in order to regulate urban processes, attempts to improve the urban environment through renewal (Couch et al., 2003). Although seeming fairly simple and straightforward, Home (1982) describes the concept of urban regeneration as involving complex socio-economic, environmental and political issues, with no profession or academic disciple claiming control over it. Roberts (in Roberts and Sykes, 2000) defines urban regeneration as a vision which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring lasting socio-economic, physical and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change. Broadly defined as a process that prevents the urban fabric from starting or continuing to deteriorate by improving the urban fabric, urban regeneration is fundamental to the structure plans established by the Malta Environmental and Planning Authority in 1998 and 2006. According to the Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC, 2004) of the Mediterranean countries, the aim of urban regeneration projects as a solution to this phenomenon in developed is to promote: â€Å"return to the city, revitalise the city centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive international context, and implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in a wide sense towards a smart growth†. Such systemised and planned action concerning certain parts of a town would mean injecting new vigour into an area. Skifter Andersen (2003) argues urban regeneration would transform, strengthen and recreate places to act as a catalyst for further investments for the benefit of the local community. By concentrating public resources and private investments on specifically designated area may turn an area to a great appeal (Adair et al., 2000). However, urban regeneration is not only concentrated around property-led and retail-led regeneration but also through cultural regeneration to transform the city as a form of urban recreation (Evans, 2001). According to Evans (2001), arts and cultural industries can distinguish themselves by restoring identities and economies with other lifestyles. Whilst Calxton and Siora (2008) recognise the retail sector as offering opportunities and employing a wide range of different socio-economic groups, they argue that retail-led regeneration appears to provide a key reconnection to economic opportunity by engaging in direct employment and additional investment for a community and its residents. Furthermore, Claxton and Siora (2008) sustain that the most successful developments are those supported by the local authorities where planning or economic development departments work together. On the other hand, Rubin and Taylor (2008) question the enormous institutional corporate power of certain chain stores that might have some influence on the planning system and in regeneration projects. According to them, the benefits from such regeneration are overstated as this type of regeneration creates an inverse system that extorts money out of the local economy resulting in serious consequences for small local businesses. Pitkin (1963) sustains that as an important trait within various Mediterranean communities is the urban ethos, the city is depicted as a place of cultural richness, civilisation and civic pride (Leontidou, 2000). Strengthening this argument, Florida (2003) suggested that as social ethos is becoming increasingly dominant in most entrepreneurial and growing regions, it is attracting creative people to the city and accentuating the processes of gentrification. Additionally, Ley (2003) also accentuates the importance of cultural and lifestyle of the middle class, who value the preservation of the historic core and the utilisation of exceptional commodities. Bailey et al. (2004) suggests that culture-led regeneration has only been effective when associated with commercialised identities, thus stressing the need for economic investments and retail establishments. Hiller (2000) suggests that for waterfront regeneration with transformation of the urban environment with luxurious residences a nd gentrified neighbourhoods must be create jobs through a number of office towers as well as shopping centres, included in most projects. As cities are never still, Lancaster (1995) had previously argued that they are places where people strive to overcome negative effects and create hope in the place that history has located them. According to Dunn (1998), the consumer culture might therefore encourage residents to disattach themselves from their particular area and associate themselves to the new global culture irrelevant of the location. Bailey et al. (2004), disagrees and argues that cultural forms of consumption can actively enhance and enliven local communities. Bailey et al. (2004) goes further by suggesting that it is the people who live in the city themselves have to engage in regenerating the city rather than the planning policies. Kantor et al. (1997), stresses the significance of local urban democratic conditions in creating inclusive governing that can influence the local communitys ability to participate and have a reach in the business. Gentrification As defined by Kennedy and Leonard (2001), gentrification involves the processes of reinvestment and revitalisation to enhance the physical and socio-economic components of cities. In this relationship, higher income households settle in that settle in the area, upgrade the physical and socio-economic component of lower income residences. Smith (1987b, p.463), specifically stated that the crucial point with regard to gentrification is that: it involves not only a social change but also, at the neighbourhood scale, a physical change in the housing stock and an economic change in the land and housing market. It is this combination of social, physical, and economic change that distinguishes gentrification as an identifiable process/set of processes. Furthermore, Wyly and Hammel (1999, p.716) add that the process of gentrification complements: class transformation of those parts of the city that suffered from systematic outmigration, disinvestment and neglect, or neglect in the midst of rapid economic growth and suburbanisation. Badcock (2001), argues that today the process of gentrification and restructuring have become so interrelated together that they have formed the broader transformation known as revitalisation. Furthermore, households of median and higher incomes generally value the preservation of the historic core and contribute to raising the areas ethos (Ley, 2003). Therefore, employment in the tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors of production, usually associated with having a university degree, is a key indicator of gentrification according to Ley (2003). In other words, the post-modern lifestyles of consumption are the solution towards revitalisation of a location through the processes of gentrification. Consequently, the process of gentrification can be said to be the outcome of the range of responses to the new economic and social opportunities that arise from prior dispositions of the social classes (Bridge 2001). On the other hand, Smith and Williams (1986) were particularly concerned with displacement and the side effects the middle class is having on the lower working class through the processes of gentrification. Although the extent of the problem is not agreed upon, Sumka (1979) argues that displacement of the working class through rent increases was undoubtedly a major issue. More recently, Blomley (2004) outlines that the social mix the processes of gentrification bring with them tend to expose the working classes to several equalities in the social hierarchy as interaction between the owners and tenants in gentrified neighbourhoods seems to be limited. Slater (2006) argues that this process can lead to social segregation and isolation when trying to revitalise a neighbourhood. Yet, according to Sigworth and Wilkinson (1967) the beneficial effects to the community through gentrification outweigh the issues of social segregation which can be resolved through several policies. Ideal Scenario In a society where the absence of building care culture is increasing, prompt maintenance would help make aging buildings less problematic to rehabilitate as it is often the case that such buildings are found in a state of disrepair with various safety problems. Throughout the 1970s, many of the European countries had already started emphasise the gradual renewal process of rehabilitation rather than focusing on the massive redevelopments simultaneously (Wood, 1991). Thomas (1977), suggested that making way for redevelopment would give an opportunity to replace any substandard buildings, any clashes with regard to the land-use, as well as any environmental nuisance. Although in essence the process of redevelopment causes a lot of inconvenience as it dislocates people (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004), redevelopment can help utilizing the full potential of a site as well as exploiting the beneficial effects to the community such as solving the problems related to social segregation (Sigworth and Wilkinson, 1967). Amongst the main problems that dominate the list for the issue of urban renewal, the lack of institutional planning (Adams and Hastings, 2001) and unfair reimbursements (Kam et al., 2004). This raises the question of whether it would be eloquent to redevelop rather than to rehabilitate certain properties in some areas. It was proposed that the decision making on whether to rehabilitate or redevelop is generally influe nced by six aspects namely; political, legal, technical, institutional, social and economic forces (Walker, 2002). According to Olson et al. (2001) and Hobman and Bordia (2006), the influences of the professional work background on the attitudes towards a renewal project can also make a difference. For instance, building surveyors are said to consider the structural conditions of a particular building as the most vital concepts of consideration in a regeneration process. Conversely, the town planners tend to give more importance to the impacts of the project in the visual quality and micro climate of the neighbourhood rather than the structural conditions of a building (Olson et al., 2001, Hobman and Bordia, 2006). Despite these converging views, it is evident that the implementation of an urban renewal strategy especially when done on a massive scale would include a strong financial input. This would also have to be coupled with adequate public resources, and a determined commitment to solving to the urban dereliction problems while aiming towards increasing the social and economic benefits and fostering entrepreneurial activity (Hamnet, 2000; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Calxton and Siora, 2008). In such circumstances, it is also advisable that there should be improvements to the infrastructure, the transportation system as well as the environment that should all coincide with the renewal development that has the support of all social partners (Adair et al., 2000). Yet, as such conditions rarely occur, policy makers must shape their development plans based upon the constraints they face at the particular moment in time. Williams (2006) suggested that in order to ensure a more successful project, t he ruling authority can also use its powers relating to property development to influence the planning, the infrastructure and the compulsory purchase powers together with the availability of public land assets. When trading land for example, it is not a rare occurrence that one party missing from the market forum and thus the scenario of a compulsory purchase might be required in order for the renewal project not to be brought to a halt because by the private economic forces (Williams, 2006). To redevelop or to rehabilitate? Specifically on property-led redevelopment, Harvey (1992) highlighted that the timing of redevelopment projects depend on three essential issues being; the value of the current existing use of the land resource, the current value of the best of alternative use, and the cost of rebuilding. As the use of property is not irreversible, property has the potential to be redeveloped and converted into another type or usage to suit the expected socio-economic demands at a given time (Gunnerlin, 2001). According to the structure plan issued by the Malta Planning Authority (PA) (1998), there is a need: to use land and buildings efficiently and consequently channel urban development activity into planned developed areas particularly though rehabilitation and upgrading of existing fabric and infrastructure. Notionally, if the present value of the existing use of the land resources is greater than the present value of the best alternative use, redevelopment would not take place since it would not be financially viable, and the rebuilding costs would affect the occurrence of urban renewal. This explains why sometimes redevelopment in the old, urban core is less attractive to the developers (Harvey and Jowsey, 2004). As for the option of rehabilitation, which would mean securing the existing structure, it was concluded that it would only be advantageous when a number of conditions are met (Pugh, 1991). This would mean that the service life of a building would be prolonged by another thirty to fifty years. Furthermore, the value as well as the interest rate of the existing building would also have to be high. Additionally, Pugh (1991) argues that if the direct and indirect costs of rehabilitating are considerably less than those incurred by rebuilding, then the developer would be more tempted to rehabilitate rather than redevelop. Ratcliffe (1993) also estimated that the costs of renovating a building can amount to twenty-five percent less than starting a new building project and thus making it more attractive for developers. Aikivuori (1994) points out that refurbishments may sometimes be required when there is a need for change in the land-use as well as when there is a need to increase or secur e the market value of the building. Additionally, this would also help to preserve the existing building and its externalities that may be important in inducing a culture-led regeneration. Challenges facing the renewal process Housing has long been regarded as a durable commodity (Wieand, 1999), yet, like any other physical commodity, properties are subject to deteriorate as time goes by and eventually fall into a state of dilapidation if they are not properly maintained (Burton 1933). A number of previous studies have highlighted among of the main factors that would make a building deemed for renewal would be the serviceable environment (Sohmer, 1999). Others like Rosenfeld and Shohet (1999) have formed models to determine whether and when a building should be upgraded. This helped to reduce uncertainties and serve as an aid when deciding whether to upgrade or not. Nonetheless, one should not forget that there are always a set of constraints that are likely to slow or halt the process of urban renewal. The multiple ownership of a number of properties is one of them for example (Chun To Cho and Fellows, 2000; Galea Debono, 2009). So are the limitations on the development in the urban village core through the Urban Conservation Area (UCA) which restricts certain types of redevelopment projects. Additionally, it is also likely that there may be disputes in the process of resettling those affected and disagreements on compensation issues which make it more difficult for the private developers to find a compromise with the landowners (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Furthermore, it is also often the case that the lack of a central governing body to implement redevelopment and private developers little presumptive power, end up with the developers having fragmented, slow progress (Gordon, 2004). Positive outcomes from urban regeneration Fundamentally, the process of urban regeneration would help to contribute towards the preservation of structures of architectural value and significant historical importance (Jim, 1994). A sustainable regeneration scheme should therefore endeavour to lesson social exclusion, boost economic reintegration as well as salvage architecturally rich buildings and edifices (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Bailey et al.,2004). Otherwise, an urban regeneration project can be a source of conflict and thus it might prove valuable to develop a decision making tool to facilitate the planning process as suggested by Walker (2002) and Ho et al. (2004). Eventually, project regeneration proposals can be assessed and alterations can be made in order to achieve a higher rating for the plan which is subject to time, budgetary and other practical constraints (Ho et al., 2004). According to Kocabas, (2000a), evaluating the impact of protection planning would ideally assess outcomes against the physical, social and economic objectives. This should preserve the physical historic environment, the needs of the existing residents during the process of upgrading as well as determining whether the conservation process is economically viable (Kocabas, 2000a). On the other hand, Borja et al. (1997) showed that the socio-spatial outcomes of globalisation on urban areas varied according to the correlation between the technological and economic processes that form the core for this transformation. Whilst it is now widely accepted that no city can escape the reach of global economic and political forces (Sassen, 2000; Taylor and Walker, 2001), it is also clear that cities can upgrade their position in the global hierarchy by their strategic intervention (Clarke and Gaile, 1997). This was the case with Ireland in 1988, for example. With the help of the European Commission, Ireland reflected on the mistakes made through the demolishment of buildings in inner Dublin through the Greater Dublin Area Development Programme secured and managed the preservation of the built historical environment (Pickard, 1994). Essentially, the upgrade or upkeep of neighbourhood externalities is also thought to contribute to the migration and related change in a neighbourhoods economic status for two main reasons. Firstly, certain types of households may behave in ways that generate social capital and affluence for the neighbourhood influencing the demand for that location, thus, the process of gentrification (Ley, 2003). Likewise, certain types of households might also choose to migrate into or out of a neighbourhood based on the demographic and financial characteristics of their prospective neighbours because of the social status, irrespective of how these neighbours may behave (Rosenthal, 2008). In spite of this, it is important to recognise that raising a neighbourhoods economic status does not necessarily alleviate poverty but could simply force the existing low income residents to relocate to other areas of the locality. Jacobs (1961) argued that rather than being suffocated by urban regeneration, soc ial life should be revived, thus, the process of gentrification might not be always seen in a good light especially from those who are less affluent and other deprived sections of society (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Therefore, building rehabilitation may garner more support as it causes less social disturbances (Needleman, 1966; DeFilippis, 2007). Achieving success through failure Amongst the good examples of successful waterfront regeneration projects that have managed to generate enough employment opportunities for the locals, Gloucester, Swansea, Cardiff and Liverpool immediately stand out in the United Kingdom (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). In these cases, a number of listed warehouses were refurbished and transformed to provide residential, office, retail, museum, marinas and restaurant facilities. Liverpools Albert Dock, for instance, has been so successful as a heritage site that was previously in a state of decay that it now receives around six million visitors yearly (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). From being a totally abandoned and neglected eyesore, the Albert Dock has now been turned into a visually pleasing environment with the most obvious and tangible manifestations of successful regeneration project in the United Kingdom. Canary Wharf in London is another successful redevelopment that even managed to generate 7,000 jobs for the locals (Danielsand Bobe , 1993). In spite of these successful cases of regeneration, the process of urban renewal still generates a great deal of heated debate especially when faced fierce opposition from the locals that fear that there would no significant improvement in their standard of living such as in the case of Canary Wharf in London. Quite rightly as Jeffrey and Pounder (2000) suggest, the physical improvement of a building is a fundamental element in achieving a successful regeneration project, however Hausner (1993), suggested that on its own it is not sufficient as the development of any project reflects the conditions and requirements of the area in which the project is located from a wider perspective. In addition to this, Moore (2002) sustains that the proactive use of this policy might even improve the local economic development and even create new working places, however, this might only be for a short while. Hemphill et al. (2004) argues that much of the research conducted in the United Kingdom ten ds to be critical as there is a persistent sentiment that urban policy has not really left many of the desired effects on the regenerated area. This had already been thought earlier as even though the inner-city redevelopments generally improve and enhance the degraded built environments, there is criticism that such projects only cater to certain sectors of society and particular locations such as waterfronts and thus these types of projects can fragment cities (Fainstein, 1994; Meyer, 1999; Marshall, 2003). Further criticism concludes that the stated goal of urban design and renewal is often forgotten as the concepts have become merely a marketing tool (Gospodini, 2002). Moreover, it is generally felt that the concept of urban renewal is too vague with the fusion of the traditional architecture, the landscape architecture, and the planning and civil engineering. As a result, urban renewal is said to be focused mainly on the marginal cosmetic aesthetics of the landscape rather than helping to sustain a better standard of living in the area (Inam, 2002). Hubbard (2006) added that the social as well as economic conditions of an area are usually worsened though the regeneration and gentrification policies that are meant to be beneficial. On a wider scale, Newman and Thornley (1996) had previously suggested that in contrast with other cities, the key European cities such as; Paris, Milan, Berlin, Frankfurt and Stockholm are underpinned by the factor of the international competitiveness rathe r than by the notion of urban policy and therefore the residents standard of living has nothing to do concept of urban renewal. Bentley (1999) went even further and argued that apart from the social, economic and environmental limitations, the concept of urban design is often manipulated by developers and public authorities to covertly hijack public space and neglect local conditions and values. Revitalisation projects targeted parts of the cities, such as decayed port areas and other post-industrial sites, for major redevelopments so that the area in effect becomes totally gentrified resulting in a residential area for the more affluent citizens rather than the whole society in general (Bentley, 1999). Proprietors awareness and involvement It is evident that one of biggest barriers when it comes to building maintenance is the owners awareness that find it difficult to realise the basic forms of decay and the resulting impact on the building material (Kangwa and Olubodun, 2003). To make matters worse, when action is taken, it is often the case that an inappropriate remediation technique is applied (Leather and Mackintosh, 1994; Forrest et al., 1996). Thus, any effective renewal system must be constructed upon well informed diagnostic skill structures. Chanter and Swallow (1996) and Davidson et al. (1997) have suggested that some of the main awareness problems apart from the variations in perceptions of objects of regular maintenance include the inability to tell whether inferior products or components are used to rehabilitate the building. In addition to this, they also add that the average owner is generally unable to determine the quality of work done by the traders and cannot judge accurately the extent of skill requ ired for a particular work. In the end they argue that the absence of a referral system within the local housing communities which would act as an initial contacts for advice and general information on housing maintenance. Consequently, it is often the case that waves of building depilation later turn into the process of urban decay that has been a major problem in most developed cities (Skifter Andersen, 1995). It must be recognised that the local inhabitants are fundamentally the problem solvers and play an important and useful role not only in implementing regeneration strategies but also in maintaining the socio-economic improvement of the neighbourhood over the years. As powerlessness is central to peoples experience of poverty and exclusion, the people in general are more likely to involve themselves if they can clearly see their contribution in the city (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005). Throughout the last number of years, the local citizens have also been emphasizing that new developments should retain their own characteristic and identity in order to reflect their collective memories. Public consultation meetings are no longer satisfying the citizens as they believe that a comprehensive public engagement exercise for the project is required and more channels should be provided for them to express their views on the developments (Lee and Chan, 2008). Research has shown that in the absence of government intervention, property owners are prepared to improve their buildings and edifices since it would enhance the market value of the refurbished properties provided that there is enough information for people to take sensible decisions (Holm, 2000; Gregg and Crosbie, 2001). Besides from having restored building edifices, this type of refurbishment project is estimated to increase the market price of the property which leaves a good profit after deducting the costs of the refurbishment project (Chau et al., 2003). Improvements on the buildings especially on the facades are intuitively expected to have a positive impact on properties adjacent to the building because of the improved visual quality enjoyed by the nearby residents. Likewise, unsightly externalities are created by the unsightliness of poorly maintained properties, thus, refurbishing these poor maintained buildings should reduce or even counter the negative impact (Colwell e t al., 2000; Boyle and Kiel, 2001). Nevertheless, while everyone would benefit from improving the exterior conditions of the buildings, the market value of the properties improved first would have their value depreciated by the dire condition of the neighbouring properties and thus for an individual to take the first step would not be easy. As a result, the unimproved properties would experience an increase in value as a result of the nearby investments done by the others. Consequently, this might also lead to a market failure as the refurbishment process may never take off completely resulting in an investment which is less than what was desired (Hui et al., 2007). Should more information on the enhanced market value of a refurbished building be made available, then the long-term sustainability of a rehabilitation effort would be incorporated into the urban renewal strategies easily, however, one must not forget that the effects may not be felt until a long time. In this particular scenario, the authority in charge sh ould encourage and encourage developers and owners to instigate redevelopment. Ultimately, the process of renewal is a product of an incremental decision making as owners have to decide whether to rehabilitate or redevelop their built land which is subject to facing obsoleteness (Bryson, 1997). Concluding Remarks As authorities are widely considered as the ones responsible for the process of urban decay, they started to be seen as being unable to engage successfully with the private sector. With the rise of the new conservative movements, the local government started to be marginalised in favour of the private sector when it came to taking decisions (Gullino, 2008). This resulted in private sector being placed at the centre of the renewal activities as these kinds of projects are assumed to attract new financial capital (Bianchini et al., 1992; Loftman and Nevin, 1995). Despite the process of urban renewal through which environmental quality redevelopments occur

Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay

Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative.† (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action can be classified as a universal law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times, they are following out the categorical imperative. This differs from the hypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basis that the will in the end will gain something (not a means to an end). The categorical imperative is a means to an end, and the action to obtain the end must have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that all actions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the end is necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categorical imperative should be followed in order to live morally. â€Å"If an action is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical.† (Abbott, 32) â€Å"There is therefore but one ca... Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative.† (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action can be classified as a universal law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times, they are following out the categorical imperative. This differs from the hypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basis that the will in the end will gain something (not a means to an end). The categorical imperative is a means to an end, and the action to obtain the end must have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that all actions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the end is necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categorical imperative should be followed in order to live morally. â€Å"If an action is conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical.† (Abbott, 32) â€Å"There is therefore but one ca...

Desdemona’s death Essay

Iago does not immediately suggest Desdemona’s death. He first ensures that Othello is convinced of her guilt. At the beginning of the scene, Iago tells Othello that it is not a crime for a woman to be naked with a man if nothing happens. He also states that if he were to give his wife a handkerchief, she would be able to do with it as she wished. These reminders of Desdemona’s supposed unfaithfulness arouse Othello’s anger. After Iago finally admits that Cassio has told him he has lain with Desdemona, Othello is already blind with rage and jealousy. In order to further goad Othello, Iago convinces Othello to hide explaining that he will ask Cassio to describe his relationship with Desdemona. Iago instructs Othello to observe Cassio’s face during the conversation. In reality Iago recounts his experience with a prostitute named Bianca. Cassio is so amused by his story that he laughs hysterically. Othello, who is already irrational at this point, imagines that he is hearing more than he actually is. When Cassio talks about about Bianca hanging on his neck and pulling at him, Othello says, â€Å"Now he tells how she plucked him to y chamber† (4. 1. 141). Later on in the scene, Bianca appears, and argues with Cassio. Iago uses this in his favor by convincing Othello that Cassio has given Desdemona’s handkerchief to Bianca, a prositute. Othello asks, â€Å"How shall I murder him, Iago? † (4. 1. 170). When Iago attempts to equate both Cassio and Desdemona to trash, Othello can think only of killing Cassio, but not his beautiful and loving wife. Sarcastically, Iago says to Othello, â€Å"If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend; for, if it touch not you, it comes near nobody† (4. 1. 197-199). Threatened with emotional isolation, Othello responds as Iago wants him to and says, â€Å"I will chop her into messes. Cuckold me! † (4. 1. 200). Iago first discredits Desdemona by supposedly offering proof of her infidelities to Othello. Iago then angers Othello by framing Cassio, making it appear as though Cassio is laughing about his trysts with Desdemona. Othello is so enraged that he decides Cassio must die, but he cannot bring himself to kill Desdemona. Finally, Iago threatens Othello with emotional isolation. Othello finally concedes and states that Desdemona must die.

Capital Punishment Is The Death Penalty Essay - 1504 Words

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